Audie Murphy in World War II

The sixth of twelve children, Audie Murphy was born June 20, 1925 (adjusted to 1924) in Kingston, TX. The son poor sharecroppers Emmett and Josie Murphy, Audie grew on farms in the area and attended school in Celeste. His education was cut short in 1936 when his father abandoned the family. Left with only a fifth-grade education, Murphy began working on local farms as a laborer to help support his family. A gifted hunter, he felt that the skill was necessary for feeding his siblings. Murphys situation worsened on May 23, 1941, with the death of his mother. Joining the Army Though he attempted to support the family on his own by working various jobs, Murphy was ultimately forced to place his three youngest siblings in an orphanage. This was done with the blessing of his older, married sister Corrine. Long believing that the military offered a chance to escape poverty, he attempted to enlist following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor that December. As he was only sixteen years old, Murphy was rejected by recruiters for being underage. In June 1942, shortly after his seventeenth birthday, Corrine adjusted Murphys birth certificate to make it appear that he was eighteen. Approaching the US Marine Corps and US Army Airborne, Murphy was rejected due to his small stature (55, 110 lbs.). He was similarly rejected by the US Navy. Pressing on, he ultimately achieved success with the US Army and enlisted at Greenville, TX on June 30. Ordered to Camp Wolters, TX, Murphy began basic training. During part of the course, he passed out leading his company commander to consider transferring him to cook school. Resisting this, Murphy completed basic training and transferred to Fort Meade, MD for infantry training. Murphy Goes to War Finishing the course, Murphy received an assignment to 3rd Platoon, Baker Company, 1st Battalion, 15th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division in Casablanca, Morocco. Arriving in early 1943, he began training for the invasion of Sicily. Moving forward on July 10, 1943, Murphy participated in the 3rd Divisions assault landings near Licata and served a division runner. Promoted to corporal five days later, he used his marksmanship skills on a scouting patrol to kill two Italian officers attempting to escape on horseback near Canicatti. Over the coming weeks, Murphy took part in the 3rd Divisions advance on Palermo but also contracted malaria. Decorations in Italy With the conclusion of the campaign on Sicily, Murphy and the division shifted into training for the invasion of Italy. Coming ashore at Salerno on September 18, nine days after the initial Allied landings, the 3rd Division immediately went into action and began an advance to and across the Volturno River before reaching Cassino. In the course of the fighting, Murphy led a night patrol that was ambushed. Remaining calm, he directed his men in turning back the German attack and captured several prisoners. This action resulted in a promotion to sergeant on December 13. Pulled from the front near Cassino, the 3rd Division took part in the landings at Anzio on January 22, 1944. Due to a malaria recurrence, Murphy, now a staff sergeant, missed the initial landings but rejoined the division a week later. During the course of the fighting around Anzio, Murphy, now a staff sergeant, earned two Bronze Stars for heroism in action. The first was awarded for his actions on March 2 and the second for destroying a German tank on May 8. With the fall of Rome in June, Murphy and the 3rd Division were withdrawn and began preparing to land in Southern France as part of Operation Dragoon. Embarking, the division landed near St. Tropez on August 15. Murphys Heroism in France On the day he came ashore, Murphys good friend Lattie Tipton was killed by a German soldier who was feigning surrender. Incensed, Murphy stormed forward and single-handedly wiped out the enemy machine gun nest before using the German weapon to clear several adjacent German positions. For his heroism, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. As the 3rd Division drove north into France, Murphy continued his outstanding performance in combat. On October 2 he won a Silver Star for clearing a machine gun position near Cleurie Quarry. This was followed a by a second award for advancing to direct artillery near Le Tholy. In recognition of Murphys stellar performance, he received a battlefield commission to second lieutenant on October 14. Now leading his platoon, Murphy was wounded in the hip later that month and spent ten weeks recovering. Returning to his unit still bandaged, he was made company commander on January 25, 1945, and promptly took some shrapnel from an exploding mortar round. Remaining in command, his company went into action the next day along the south edge of the Riedwihr Woods near Holtzwihr, France. Under heavy enemy pressure and with only nineteen men remaining, Murphy ordered the survivors to fall back. As they withdrew, Murphy remained in place providing covering fire. Expending his ammunition, he climbed atop a burning M10 tank destroyer and used its .50 cal. machine gun to hold the Germans at bay while also calling in artillery fire on the enemy position. Despite being wounded in the leg, Murphy continued this fight for nearly an hour until his men began moving forward again. Organizing a counterattack, Murphy, aided by air support, drove the Germans from Holtzwihr. In recognition of his stand, he received the Medal of Honor on June 2, 1945. When later asked why he had mounted the machine gun at Holtzwihr, Murphy replied: They were killing my friends. Returning Home Removed from the field, Murphy was made a liaison officer and promoted to first lieutenant on February 22. In recognition of his overall performance between January 22 to February 18, Murphy received the Legion of Merit. With the conclusion of World War II in Europe, he was sent home and arrived in San Antonio, TX on June 14. Hailed as the most-decorated American soldier of the conflict, Murphy was a national hero and the subject of parades, banquets, and appeared on the cover of Life magazine. Though formal inquiries were made regarding obtaining Murphy an appointment to West Point, it issue was later dropped. Officially assigned to Fort Sam Houston following his return from Europe, he was formally discharged from the US Army on September 21, 1945. That same month, actor James Cagney invited Murphy to Hollywood to pursue an acting career. Later Life Removing his younger siblings from the orphanage, Murphy took Cagney up on his offer. As he worked to establish himself as an actor, Murphy was plagued by issues that would now be diagnosed as post-traumatic stress disorder stemming from his time in combat. Suffering from headaches, nightmares, and vomiting as well as displaying alarming behavior at times towards friends and family, he developed a reliance on sleeping pills. Recognizing this, Murphy locked himself in a hotel room for a week to break the addition. An advocate for the needs of veterans, he later spoke openly about his struggles and worked to draw attention to both the physical and psychological needs of those soldiers returning from the Korean and Vietnam Wars. Though acting work was scarce at first, he earned critical acclaim for his role in 1951s The Red Badge of Courage and four years later starred in the adaptation of his autobiography To Hell and Back. During this time, Murphy also resumed his military career as a captain in the 36th Infantry Division, Texas National Guard.  Juggling this role with his film studio responsibilities, he worked to instruct new guardsmen as well as aided in recruiting efforts. Promoted to major in 1956, Murphy requested inactive status a year later. Over the next twenty-five years, Murphy made forty-four films with most of them being Westerns. In addition, he made several television appearances and later received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Also a successful country songwriter, Murphy was tragically killed when his plane crashed into Brush Mountain near Catawba, VA on May 28, 1971. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery on June 7. Though Medal of Honor recipients are entitled to have their headstones decorated with gold leaf, Murphy had previously requested that his remain plain like that of other common soldiers. In recognition of his career and efforts to aid veterans, the Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital in San Antonio, TX was named in his honor in 1971. Audie Murphys Decorations Medal of HonorDistinguished Service CrossSilver Star with First Oak Leaf ClusterBronze Star Medal with V Device and First Oak Leaf ClusterPurple Heart with Second Oak Leaf ClusterLegion of MeritGood Conduct MedalDistinguished Unit Emblem with First Oak Leaf ClusterAmerican Campaign MedalEuropean-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with one silver service star, three bronze service stars and one bronze service arrowheadWorld War II Victory MedalCombat Infantry BadgeMarksman Badge with Rifle BarExpert Badge with Bayonet BarFrench Fourragere in Colors of the Croix de GuerreFrench Legion of Honor, Grade of ChevalierFrench Croix de Guerre with silver starBelgian Croix de Guerre 1940 with Palm Sources Texas Historical Association: Audie MurphyAudie L. Murphy Memorial WebsiteArlington Cemetery: Audie L. Murphy

Greek Mythology The Epic Tale The Iliad - 1179 Words

Greek mythology played a large role in Greek artistic styles and functions. In the case of this study, the mythological god Apollo is the subject of the artistic works of the votive known as the â€Å"Mantiklos Apollo† and the statue of â€Å"Apollo† that was found in Pireaus. These figures show a natural progression in style and technique. They are important because they represent the sacred beliefs and superstitions of their respective cultures and time periods. The two stylistic periods represented in this study, are the Geometric period and archaic period leading into the early Classical period. The Geometric period was a time of renaissance that took place around 900-700 BC (after the fall of the Mycenaeans.) This was a time where the Greek Islands were experiencing growth, urbanization, and political division, as well as exploration of new lands, trade, and a stronger development of written and spoken language. Homer’s epic tale the Iliad was believed to be written around this time. The Geometric period gave rise to a greater amount of worship of multiple gods, creating the need for more temples to store votives (such as the Mantiklos Apollo) that were dedicated to these deities. The geometric period can be identified by their use of repeated registers of geometric shapes on pottery, and symmetrical and triangular shapes in sculpture. Most sculptures and pottery at this time were formulated using bronze or terracotta. The seco nd style is from the late archaic/earlyShow MoreRelatedGreek Mythology And The Mythology850 Words   |  4 Pagesof the world an individual is in. The Greeks and Romans are both very polytheistic civilizations. They believe in a multitude of gods and creatures, and they have gods for fertility, elements, war, medicine, and a multitude of others. The mythology of these two cultures is exceedingly similar, although for those looking for a more interesting view on the subject, Greek mythology is far superior to Roman mythology. The time period in which mythological tales were told began over one hundred yearsRead MoreThe Greeks and The Illiad Essay examples1378 Words   |  6 PagesThe Greeks and The Illiad The Iliad was a masterpiece of a work, which entertained and gave a description of how the Greeks lived out their lives in battle and at peace. The Iliad, by Homer, is an epic classic set in Ancient Greece. The story ,in its own, contained the use of epic characteristics, which reveal further characteristics of the Greeks. A large influence on the book, was the Greeks religious and mythological stance along with their strengths and weaknesses that were alsoRead MoreThe Iliad And The Odyssey977 Words   |  4 Pagesrecurring themes in the majority of Ancient Greek mythology is the act of divine intervention. 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The Death Penalty Free Essays

POLS 2202 – PAPER #1 Share information with your classmates by topic if you wish. Post your Topic Sentence/abbreviated Thesis for peer review. Identify the main issues and answer the question posed. We will write a custom essay sample on The Death Penalty or any similar topic only for you Order Now Analyze the issues (for instance, the Constitution, which sections/Amendments apply†¦ how does the SCOTUS interpret such). Make a conclusion and a recommendation to solve the issues you identified. FACTS SHOULD ONLY BE A COUPLE OF PARAGRAPHS – FOCUS ON THE ISSUES AND be specific in your recommendation. Naturally you must cite sources†¦ Please do not overly complicate this task. For all students, the paper is due in the DROPBOX as assigned or it is late. The penalty for late work in 10% per day and no credit will be given three (3) days thereafter, so just get it done and turned in on time. Save the document in word in either . doc or . docx format or I will not be able to open the document and you will not receive credit for the assignment. Do not send the paper to me via email – use the DROPBOX. The length is four (4) pages. Use your textbook and at least three other sources. Use 12 point – Times New Roman font. Citations should be made in the body of the work using MLA style. Include a BIBLIOGRAPHY with your paper, do not submit it separately. Please do not overly complicate this. See the Syllabus for deadlines, News for specifics and Content for Rubric and writing tips. Feel free to ask questions/share research with your classmates who are writing under the same topic, just be careful that you do not copy their work. It may help to draft an Abstract before you get deep into your writing. An abstract is a short summary of your completed research. If done well, it makes the reader want to learn more about your research. http://research. erkeley. edu/ucday/abstract. html http://www. duke. edu/~buthe/downloads/teaching/Buthe_Paperwriting_Mimeo. pdf http://classweb. gmu. edu/WAC/EnglishGuide/Critical/index. html You do not have to follow any specific format for the Abstract. Provide your Thesis, identify the main points of your analysis and tell us whether AA/death penalty/profiling, respectfully can and should be used in the United States. List any questions you may have on the Discussion Board. Please read the assigned material and the syllabus BEFORE posting a question. AFFIRMATIVE ACTION Using case law and analytical reasoning, the student will explain what Affirmative Action means and determine which side should prevail in the Fisher v. University of Texas case that will be decided by the Supreme Court this term, telling the reader why. Finally, the writer should explain whether he/she believes race-based admissions programs should be used in US colleges. In particular, please: A. Define the term Affirmative Action (AA) and give a brief historical overview. B. Can AA be used in public college admissions in the United States. As part f this answer please summarize the holdings in the Gratz and Grutter decisions and the 14th Amendment. C. Identify and analyze at least two (2) reasons supporting the practice and at least two (2) reasons opposing the practice. D. Which side should prevail in the Fisher case, stating why. E. Should race-based admissions programs be used in US colleges. PLEASE BE SPECIFIC AND DO NOT SIT ON THE FENCE. Additional Information: Overview †“ http://www. oeod. uci. edu/aa. html http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/affirmative-action/ http://www. huffingtonpost. om/2012/08/20/uc-affirmative-action-supreme-court_n_1811574. html http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=kn48t-X0uNU Gratz/Grutter – http://www. civilrights. org/equal-opportunity/gratz-grutter/ http://www. npr. org/news/specials/michigan/ http://www. oyez. org/cases/2000-2009/2002/2002_02_516 http://inamerica. blogs. cnn. com/2012/03/10/opinion-its-time-for-equal-to-mean-equal/ Fisher – http://www. oyez. org/cases/2010-2019/2012/2012_11_345 http://www. nytimes. com/2012/04/02/education/university-of-texas-mysterious-adm issions-process. html? _r=1ref=universityoftexas http://www. ytimes. com/2012/01/22/opinion/sunday/the-affirmative-action-war-goes-on. html? _r=1 PROFILING BY RACE Using case law, constitutional theory and analytical reasoning, the student will explain what â€Å"racial profiling† means, explain what the â€Å"show me your pape rs† provision of Arizona law means and identify the key issues related to racial profiling at airports, telling the reader why. Finally, the writer should explain whether he/she believes racial should be used in US airports to identify prospective terrorists. A. Define the term Racial Profiling and give a brief historical overview. B. Does Arizona SB 1070 (i. e. â€Å"show me your papers†) violate the constitutional rights of individuals passing through that state. C. Identify and analyze at least two (2) reasons supporting the practice and at least two (2) reasons opposing the practice. D. Is profiling by race at airports constitutional. E. Even if legal, is there a better way to identify suspected terrorists. PLEASE BE SPECIFIC AND DO NOT SIT ON THE FENCE. Additional Information: Overview – http://www. justice. gov/opa/pr/2003/June/racial_profiling_fact_sheet. pdf http://www. aclu. rg/racial-justice/racial-profiling Arizona – http://www. ncsl. org/issues-research/immig/analysis-of-arizonas-immigration-law. aspx http://www. politico. com/blogs/under-the-radar/2012/09/judge-to-allow-arizona-to-enforce-key-part-of-antiillegal-134610. html http://www. huffingtonpost. com/2012/09/06/arizona-immigration-law_n_1860625. html http://latino. foxnews. com/latino/news/2012/09/06/arizona-immigration-a ctivists-police-prep-for-life-after-how-me-your-papers/ Airports – http://www. choices. edu/resources/supplemental_tah_race7. php http://www. huffingtonpost. om/2012/05/09/airport-racial-profiling-app-transportation-security-administration_n_1503239. html http://www. haaretz. com/print-edition/news/in-israel-racial-profiling-doesn-t-warrant-debate-or-apologies-1. 261075 http://www. thedailybeast. com/articles/2010/11/29/airport-security-lets-profile-muslims. html DEATH PENALTY Using case law, constitutional theory and analytical reasoning, the student will explain what â€Å"capital punishment† means, explain the process of federalism related to criminal law in the U. S, and give meaning to recent SCOTUS decisions in this regard. Finally, the writer should explain whether he/she believes Minnesota should adopt the penalty. Question: Can and should the death penalty be used in the US? A. Define the term â€Å"capital punishment† and give a brief historical overview. B. Define the term â€Å"federalism† and explain its relevance to state versus federal regulation of capital punishment. C. Analyze the Pro’s and Con’s of the practice, focusing on deterrence and expense. D. Determine if the Constitution should allow for the execution of a minor under age 18. E. Determine if Minnesota should adopt the penalty. PLEASE GIVE EXAMPLES AND SCOTUS GUIDANCE. BE SPECIFIC AND DO NOT SIT ON THE FENCE. Additional Information: Overview – http://www. law. cornell. edu/wex/death_penalty http://www. umc. org/site/c. lwL4KnN1LtH/b. 2248845/k. 5F14/Death_Penalty_Overview. htm http://erlc. com/article/capital-punishment-overview-article-on-capital-punishment/ http://deathpenalty. procon. org/view. resource. php? resourceID=002000 Interest Groups – http://www. nacdl. org/criminal-defense/death-penalty/ http://www. umich. edu/~aclu/issues/deathpenalty. htm http://www. prodeathpenalty. com/ How to cite The Death Penalty, Papers The Death Penalty Free Essays The Death Penalty â€Å"If we fail to execute murderers, and doing so would in fact have deterred other murders, we have allowed the killing of a bunch of innocent victims. I would much rather risk the former. This, to me, is not a tough call. We will write a custom essay sample on The Death Penalty or any similar topic only for you Order Now † (McAdams) The death penalty should be legalized in all fifty states, to avert from crime, keep repeat offenders off of the streets, and to reduce taxpayers the cost of keeping those found guilty of heinous crimes in prison low. The death penalty can in fact deter heinous crimes from being committed when it is lawful in a state. Social scientists have stated that the act of general deterrence, which is when the punishment deters potential criminals from committing crimes, keeps criminals from going through with crimes. However, it is more shown that premeditated crimes are usually the ones stopped by general deterrence, not crimes under passion. Heinous crimes have been reduced highly in the states that have a capital punishment law. The death penalty keeps repeat offenders off of the streets. In Michigan a case that represents this happened; â€Å"A man who was hired by Honeywell Inc. , after serving four years in prison for strangling a co-worker has been charged with killing another co-worker and a woman he allegedly stalked and threatened for weeks† (Sullum personal file). Had the death penalty been allowed in Michigan the woman’s life could have been sparred, for the male who murdered her would have been executed long before and never had the chance to murder her. The death penalty may be a long process, but it does not give those on death row a hope of parole. By having the heinous criminals in prisons on death row keeps them from repeating crimes. In five out of seven cases it is said that criminals will once again commit crimes once released from prison of jail. The death penalty keeps the criminals in jail and executes them. This protects the general public from murderous crimes from repeat offenders. The death penalty also keeps taxpayers costs low, because the prison looses members in which the state taxes would have to pay for. The citizens of the state pay for the prisoners, and my eliminating the criminals jailed for heinous crimes reduces cost by a high percent. The average cost per year per prison is about $1 billion. By enforcing the death penalty and making it lawful can reduce that cost by almost half. Half does not sound like much in such large terms, but in reality it is an immense amount of money that the taxpayers can be using somewhere else. Struggling families still have to pay for imprisoned criminals and the death penalty can in turn have more money in that home, because it would not be put towards the prison. There is another side to the death penalty, however. Most people believe the death penalty is immoral and unjust. Some say that the idea of â€Å"an eye for an eye† should not apply to the death penalty. Capital punishment is still an act of murder, which is punishable by law. This is a major argument of those against capital punishment. There are also religious views that keep many opposed of the death penalty. Christians view the death penalty as wrong because of the fact that killing a killer is still killing, which is a sin that breaks one of the Ten Commandments. The large population of Christians in the United States keeps the vote against capital punishment high, because this nation was built on that faith and it is also the highest religion in the nation. The death penalty keeps taxpayers cost low, keeps repeat offenders off of the street, and deters heinous crime, and therefore should be made lawful in all fifty states of the United States of America. How to cite The Death Penalty, Papers The Death Penalty Free Essays The Death Penalty Debate on Death Penalty Edrie Sue Thomas Instructor: Daniel Haynes PHI200 June 01, 2011 Opening Paragraph: Thesis Statement The death penalty is a topic dealing with ethics, a set of moral principles or values. This issue is constantly filled with mix feelings, attitudes, and the beliefs of individuals from all aspects of life. Some are for the death penalty while others argue against it. We will write a custom essay sample on The Death Penalty or any similar topic only for you Order Now No matter how the world progresses there will never be a final argument or resolution to the understanding, acknowledgement, or ending to the right or wrong of the death penalty. Outline A. What is the death penalty, the origination and history behind it? (1) Capital Punishment, or execution, the sentence of death upon a person by judicial process as a punishment for an offense committed. (2) Eighteenth century B. C. first established death penalty laws. (3) Eighteen forty six William Kemmler was the first person executed by electrocution. B. Why people agree with the death penalty. (1) The more tolerable someone perceives imprisonment to be, the less deterrent effect life in prison will have. (2) Capital Punishment has a strong deterrent effect, on average each execution results eighteen fewer murders. 3) It gives closure to the victim’s families who have suffered so much. C. Why people disagree with the death penalty. (1) Is capital punishment moral? Some believe it is not. (2) Many people believe that a majority of inmates on death row have not been given due process. (3) Because many people believe that the death penalty is cruel it is a violation of the eigh th amendment. Work Cited: www. deathpenaltyinfo. org/part-i-history-deathpenalty http://www. allsands. com? Kids/Education/capitalpunishe_xnj_gn. htm http://www. cjif. org/deathpenalty/DPDETTERENCE. htm How to cite The Death Penalty, Papers The Death Penalty Free Essays The Death Penalty: It is Never Justified A young man has been charged with the brutal murder of a seventeen year old girl after raping and mutilating her body. This crime was so heinous and unthinkable that the only punishment that seems to fit the crime is capital punishment; there is merely one problem†the man convicted is innocent. The public is so caught up in bringing Justice to the murdered girl that through capital punishment more injustice is brought into the world and the life of another innocent being is taken. We will write a custom essay sample on The Death Penalty or any similar topic only for you Order Now There is no going back and undoing the mistake. There is no undoing in the matter of death. The accidental murder of an innocent person through the death penalty is Just one way in which the death penalty is a completely unethical, flawed, and unjustified form of punishment. Problems associated with the death penalty such as it being inhumane, discriminatory, and an unfair form of punishment, are reasons that capital punishment is never the answer to aggravated murder [claim]. The death penalty is extremely inhumane. Three common techniques used to perform the sentence include the electric chair, gas chambers, and lethal injection. Supporters of the death penalty argue that modern science has eliminated the factor of pain by lethal injection [rebuttal], but how can this truly be proved? The scientific journal the Nature Publishing Group [backing] reported that almost half the prisoners are still conscious although paralyzed during the lethal injection as the drug stops the heart. The NPG then goes on to state, â€Å"If suitably qualified individuals refuse to help prepare a new protocol, the state will face the prospect of continuing to use amateurs to kill people with arbitrary and outmoded technology’ (â€Å"Amateur† 2) [evidence]. Dying is a painful thing. The punishment of death is already extreme, but the fact that the prisoner is being put down with chemicals that aren’t even provided by physicians or scientists is cruel and lacks any compassion. Andrew Stephen, the United States editor of the New Statesman magazine which reports on current affairs, [backing] also explained the inhumanity of the most humane form of capital punishment: lethal injection. Stephen explained how the potassium chloride used in the injection causes excruciating pain as it makes its way through the veins and into the heart to kill the person. Stephen follows this by stating, â€Å"The American Veterinary Medical Association even issued guidelines in 2002 saying that the mix was unacceptable for putting dogs and cats, let alone humans, to sleep† (Stephen 33) [evidence]. How can a democracy in the U. S. which stands for Justice possibly support this blatantly inhumane form of punishment that isn’t even suitable for animals? There is no way to properly kill a human being, it is immoral and unjust not matter who it is done to, and therefore does not hold a place in the U. S. Jurisdiction. The death penalty can also be very arbitrary or random in the sense that there is ot a set standard for everyone who commits murder to be sentenced to death. It makes little sense how some prisoners who are convicted of terrible murders get the privilege of living while others who did not murder in cold blood do not get the opportunity for rehabilitation and redemption. The cause of such arbitrariness can be attributed to discrimination. David Bruck, who was a Harvard and University of South Carolina graduate, served as a lawyer detending those charged witn capita punishment [backing]. Bruck illustrates how unfair capital punishment is in an essay he wrote for The New Republic magazine. Bruck explains how a man from Louisiana named Ernest Knighton killed a gas station owner while robbing the gas station. This is of course a terrible crime; however, the crime was not premeditated and pales in comparison to other gruesome murders, yet somehow Knighton was chosen to be executed. This may be explained by the fact that Knighton was black, the victim was white, the Jury at his hearing was entirely white, and he lacked sufficient defense. In other words, discrimination was a factor. Bruck explains this execution by stating, â€Å"Ernest Knighton was picked out to die the way a fisherman takes a cricket out of a ait Jar. No one cares which cricket gets impaled on the hook† (Bruck NPA) [evidence]. There were clearly more threatening murderers out there than Knighton, but Knighton was chosen to die. The chance that this kind of discrimination will continue is entirely possible [modal qualifier] and illustrates the faults in the system of capital punishment. However, in cases such as capital punishment where death is involved, there is no room for faults. Life is a precious gift not to be taken lightly. Money also seems to be a discriminatory factor in the death penalty, as rich eople are more likely to avoid the death penalty than are poor people who cannot afford proper defense. A rich murderer’s life is no more valuable than the life of a poor murderer, yet the chance of survival for a poor man is much lower than that of a rich man. This harsh fact is unfair. Scott Phillips author for the Journal of Criminal Law Criminology [backing] writes, â€Å"As Former Supreme Court Justice William Douglas, for example, noted: ‘One searches our chronicles in vain for the execution of any member of the affluent strata of this society† (Phillips 718) [evidence]. It is efinitely plausible [modal qualifier] that the people who have money are the ones who can afford the best defense and therefore avoid the death penalty. It hardly seems fair that the rich get to live over the poor not because of innocence, but because of the size of their wallets. Two wrongs do not make a right under the conditions of murder. The system of capital punishment is obviously defective as it discriminates and seemingly picks its victims at random, risking the possibility of killing even the innocent. Advocates of the death penalty argue that it is the only form of punishment that is orthy of murder [rebuttal]. This is an â€Å"eye for an eye† mentality. Edward Koch, the former mayor of New York [backing], supported this mentality by stating, â€Å".. it can be easily demonstrated that the death penalty strengthens the value of human life. If the penalty for rape were lowered, clearly it would signal a lessened regard for the victim’s suffering.. .When we lower the penalty for murder, it signals a lessened regard for the value of the victim’s life† (Koch NPA) [evidence]. Koch’s statement is a fallacy of a false analogy and is therefore not plausible [modal qualifier]. No two rimes can really be compared to each oth er. Rape and murder are admittedly two very horrific offenses, but are in no way the same. We do not rape the criminals charged of rape to show them how it feels, nor should we kill the criminals charged of murder. Killing the prisoner makes us no better than the prisoner himself. Instead of capital punishment, there should be harsher punishments in Jail for those convicted of murder, Just as those convicted of rape have harsher punishments than those convicted ot tnett. Another argument supporters of the death penalty like to utilize is that killing a uman being is okay because it is done by the state, which has more rights, rather than an individual [rebuttal]. Koch makes the point when he writes, â€Å"The execution of a lawfully condemned killer is no more an act of murder than is legal imprisonment an act of kidnapping†¦ Rights and responsibilities surrendered by the individual are what give the state the power to govern† ( Koch NPA) [evidence]. This is once again a fallacy of a false analogy. Of course legal imprisonment is not kidnapping, because it is an agreed upon punishment by the people of a democracy for those who have roken the laws of society. On the contrary, capital punishment is not entirely agreed upon because this punishment is too harsh. Capital punishment is not necessary to govern its people; if the state must resort to the killing of individuals by the death penalty which has already been proven faulty, there are greater issues at hand. In the end, those who wish for capital punishment aren’t really wishing for Justice, or to keep order. Justice and order can be achieved with without the killing of prisoners. It is rather unjust to inflict the death penalty, its only purpose to serve as a orm of bitter revenge that one can only hope will avenge the death of the lost person. However, it is not the place of the state to take revenge, but to bring Justice. Justice needs to be fair, humane, morally sound, and it needs to be reasonable. The death penalty in no way fits into any of those descriptions. This is a topic that should concern everyone. If the people of the United States allow for the death penalty, and the legal system makes a completely possible and at some point probable [modal qualifier] mistake and wrongfully sentences an innocent man to death, that death is on each and every person who advocates the death penalty. How to cite The Death Penalty, Papers

Changing Economies of Asia

Question: Discuss about theChanging Economies of Asia. Answer: Introduction: Globalization is the process of spreading the people, ideas and goods across the world. It increases the connectivity and interaction between the different cultures, governments and economies in the world. Globalization is used mostly to denote the connectivity of economies in case of free trade, flow of capital, and labor markets in foreign used by corporate o maximize their returns[1]. From the last few years, numbers of MNCs are increasing which result in increasing of globalization. MNCs stands for multinational companies, which establish their production house in number of countries. Activities conducted by multinational organizations contribute in the increasing trend of economic globalization. In last 15 years economic integration process is developed at wide level. There is tremendous growth in the three aspects of economic globalization that is trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) and the international transfer of knowledge and technology. MNCs set up their production hous es in those countries where there is availability of cheap labor, liberal government policies are there, and where markets can be reached easily[2]. In this paper we discuss the impact of globalization on value chains, and also focus on the other topics which are closely related to this topic. In last we conclude the essay with the conclusion in which we describe the impact in concise way. Impact of Globalization on Value Chains: Before discussing the impact of globalization on value chain, it is necessary that we understand the term value chain, its features defined by porter, and difference between value chain and supply chain. Value chain means activities conducted by corporate that creates value at every step. Process of value chain focuses on separating the useful activities from the waste activities. Activities which are value creating give many advantages to the corporate such as brand image, lower cost of manufacturing product and many more. The concept of value chain is defined by Michael Porter in his book launched in 1980 named as competitive advantage. According to porter value chain consists primary activities and support activities[3]. Primary activities and support activities are defined below: Primary Activities: Inbound Logistics: in this company focus on the relationship with suppliers and deals with all the activities which are related to receive, storage and disseminate inputs. Outbound Logistics: in this company deals with the activities which related to collection, storage and distribution of output. Operations: in this company focus on the activities of production and services. Marketing and Sales: in this company involves in marketing of products, induce the customers to purchase the products, and provide facilities to the buyers to purchase the product. Services: in this company give emphasis to all the activities which are related to after sale and delivery of product[4]. Support Activities: Procurement: In this company focus on the activities which are related to acquisition of inputs or resources for the company. Human Resource Management: in this company focus on the activities which are related to the recruiting, hiring, developing of personnel. Technological Development: activities related to the equipment, hardware, software, and other related activities. Infrastructure: in this company focus on the functions of departments such as accounting, legal, finance and other departments[5]. There is misconception among the people that value chain and supply chain share similar concept, but there is a difference between supply chain and value chain. Supply chain is a process which interconnects all the activities, which means activities start from the manufacturing of product and ends when the product sold to the final consumer. Whereas, value chain is a process in which company conduct activities which add value to the product. Basically, these two concepts help in enhancing the quality of the products[6]. The basic differences between these two concepts are mention below: BASIS FOR COMPARISON SUPPLY CHAIN VALUE CHAIN concept It focuses on the conveyance. It focuses on value addition to the product at every step. Objective Its main objective is to reach customer satisfaction Its aim is to gain competitive advantage. Origination of chain It is originated from management of operations. It is originated from business management. After discussing the definition and features of value chain, now we discuss how globalization has affected the value chains. A new concept was introduced that is global value chains. The economy at global level is structured around the Global Value Chain (GVC) which contributes in the increasing share of international trade, GDP, and employment. GVCs basically connect the companies, workers and consumers around the world, and also provide chance to companies and workers of developing countries to connect and stand in the global economy. For many countries which have low level of income it is important for their development that they adopt the concept of global value chains, and insert themselves in these chains. GVCs helps in competing in the global market, capture the gains in the terms of national economic development, and it also builds the capability to generate more and better jobs which result in reducing the poverty and unemployment[7]. Now, GVCs become the most important factor for the economic globalization which was supported by the new opportunities which are technical in nature, and advantages of economic specialization. However, it is clear that GVCs play an important role in the development of economies. Current Trade Rules are not supporting the concept of GVCs, therefore new trade rules are required for GVCs. GVCs connect the markets of goods and services, which facilitate the production of goods outside the final firm. These networks based on the unbundling of different steps of the production process. GVCs make the unbundling of task easier, for example electronics/ICT, automotive and garments[8]. Impact of globalization on value chains can be understand with the help of these two terms vertical disintegration and smile curve. Vertical disintegration means that procedure which was followed by one company to cover all the activities related to raw material, administration, production, and end product. The vertical disintegration in global value chain has two important factors in the global economy[9]. Globalization and vertical integration shares a relationship from many years. John McLaren explains that globalization and vertical disintegration is not that much supportive? The term vertical integration confer a externality which is negative in nature, which results in thinning the markets for inputs and destroy the opportunities in market[10]. On the other hand, the concept of smiling curve in relation o global value chain is used at the level of individual firms, but it was not much used on the level of industry and country. The concept of smile curve was introduced by the St an Shih in 1992. He observed that if both the ends of value chain shows the value added to the product, and if this concept was presented in the graph in which Y-axis is denoted for value added and X-axis is denoted for value chain. This graph automatically shapes in smile[11]. In last, we discuss the role of MNCs in outsourcing, cross border trade and trade in intermediate goods. First we discuss the role of MNCs in outsourcing, Outsourcing by MNCs provide competitive advantage and cost benefit to the companies. There are many more benefits which companies grab from the outsourcing such as enhancing the quality of the product, restructuring of product cost, and many more. Many MNCs are used outsourcing as their global strategy because of these benefits. In last few years the concept of outsourcing was growing at large level and it becomes beneficial for developing countries like India, China, Malaysia, etc. but there is disadvantage also such as job losses of the people who are belong to home country of MNCs[12]. Second we discuss the role of MNCs in cross border trade, MNC is an organization that engaged in the foreign direct investment (FDI). MNCs also engaged and control the activities of value adding in number of countries. These companies can be public or private both, structure of these companies generally consists parent companies which was established in the home country and control the subsidiaries which are established in different countries across the world[13]. Usually, MNCs engaged in cross border trade to access the market of different countries and expand the operations of its business. They also make cross border trade to improve the efficiency of production and operations. Companies set their units for production in different countries where cheap labor is easily available[14]. In way of increasing the profits many MNCs adopts the concept of horizontal and vertical integration. For achieving their profitability MNCs set their production or distribution units in other countrie s. Usually, MNCs adopt three strategies to adopt the foreign market and facilitate cross border trade such as they sign agreement with the local units of that country to sell the products of MNCs, MNCs set subsidiaries in the foreign countries under the act of that country, and in last MNCs opens branches in the foreign country which is not legally independent business units[15][16]. In last we conclude, that global value chains contribute at wide level across the world. It plays an important role in the development of economy at global level. Conclusion: In this paper we discuss the impact of Globalization on the value chain, and other related topics such as definition and concept of value chain, and role of MNCs in the global economy. Value chain means activities conducted by corporate that creates value at every step, and value chain consists of two activities that is primary activity and support activity. In this we discuss the impact of globalization on value chain with help of two factors which are vertical disintegration and smile curve, and in last role of MNC which states that Activities conducted by multinational organizations contribute in the increasing trend of economic globalization. In last 15 years economic integration process is developed at wide level. There is tremendous growth in the three aspects of economic globalization that is trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) and the international transfer of knowledge and technology. This paper also states the role of MNCs in outsourcing, and cross border trade which giv e more emphasis on how MNCs grab the foreign market and increase their profitability. Bibliography Articles Techtarget. 2016. Globalization. The internet journal of search cio. Http://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/globalization. jrn kleinert. 2001. The role of multinational enterprises in globalization: an empirical overview. The internet journal of kiel institute. Https://www.ifw-members.ifw-kiel.de/publications/the-role-of-multinational-enterprises-in-globalization-an-empirical-overview/kap1069.pdf. The economic times. Definition of 'value chain'. The internet journal of economic times. Http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/value-chain. IFM. Decision support tools. The internet journal of university of cambridge. Http://www.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/research/dstools/value-chain-/. q stock inventory. 2013. Comparing value chain and supply chain. Http://www.qstockinventory.com/blog/comparing-value-chain-and-supply-chain/. Gary Gereffi Karina Fernandez-stark. 2011. Global value chain analysis: a primer. Http://www.cggc.duke.edu/pdfs/2011-05-31_gvc_analysis_a_primer.pdf. carlos a. Primo braga. 2013. Globalization in the 21st century: The role of global value chains. The internet journal of imd. Http://www.imd.org/research/challenges/tc065-13-globalization-in-the-21st-century-the-role-of-global-value-chains.cfm. michael g. Jacobides. 2005. Industry change through vertical disintegration: how and why markets emerged in mortgage banking. The internet journal of academy of management journal. Http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.565.6021rep=rep1type=pdf. John McLaren. Globalization and Vertical Structure. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2677849?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents. Ming YE , Bo MENG , and Shang-jin WEI. 2015. Measuring Smile Curves in Global Value Chains. https://rigvc.uibe.edu.cn/docs/20160329210052329340.pdf. Linked In. 2015. Outsourcing by multinational companies - global corporate strategy. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/outsourcing-multinational-companies-global-corporate-writer-1?trk=pulse-det-nav_art. Hendrix Mbuckwa. 2016. The role impact of multinational corporations (MNCS) in Malawi. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/role-impact-multinational-corporations-mncs-malawi-hendrix-mbukwa. UNC. Multinational Corporations in the Global Economy. https://www.unc.edu/~toatley/mncs.pdf. Richard Baldwin. 2013. Misthinking Globalisation: Twentieth-Century Paradigms and Twenty First-Century Challenges. The internet journal of Australian Economic History Review. https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/02/24/the-wto-and-global-supply-chains/. Supriya Guru. Role of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) in Foreign Investments. https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/microeconomics/foreign-investment/role-of-multinational-corporations-mncs-in-foreign-investments/38224/. Net MBA. The value chain. https://www.netmba.com/strategy/value-chain/.

Apple Store Marketing Opportunities

The history of Apple Store Previously known as Apple Computer Inc, Apple store is a global company that produces computers, software, and consumer electronics. The major product line for Apple store entails personal computers, iPhone, and iPod music store.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Apple Store Marketing Opportunities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company was established in 1976 by two electronic engineers namely Wozniak and Jobs who released the first computer dubbed as Apple 1. Since then, Apple store has dominated personal computer market via its innovative products such as the Power Mac and Macintosh but encountered marketing problems in 1990s. The company became the new market leader in consumer electronics with the latest success ranging from products such as iPod Touch, iTunes, iPhone, and iPad (Apple Inc., 2011). Currently, Apple store is a global leader in technology with revenue totaling to $60 billion. In the fiscal 2010, it overtook Microsoft in terms of market capitalization (Apple Inc., 2011). Markets for Apple Store operates Apple store sells its products in various markets across the world. For example, through retail outlets such as online store, the company sells numerous products to consumers and other business enterprises. Furthermore, Apple has invested in programs that promote reseller sales including ASCP which focuses on certain reseller locations and APRP which provides expertise in products and customer service (USSEC, 2009). Apple store equally sells computer products to government agencies, and creative markets within its geographical location. The markets are deemed crucial to third party computer applications and hardware developers. The superior expansion and computing performance of Apples products materialize to be the major consumers’ attraction within the market. Moreover, Apple offers computer products to customers within scientific mar ket as well as in the information technology markets. Competitors The major product line for Apple is the PCs market. This company however faces numerous competitions from the U.S. based companies alongside other foreign corporations. In the U.S., competitions emerge from Hewlett-Packard (HP), Dell Computers, and Compaq Corporation.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Foreign market rivalry materializes from Sony, Toshiba, and new entrants such as Acer Computers. These corporations seem to have captured significant market shares. Some of these competitors sell their PCs made from other operating systems, cut down their prices and lower product margins in order to gain competitive advantage. Thus, the major competitive factors are price, product quality, features, reliability, innovation, design, distribution capabilities, availability, and company reputation. Government Regulato ry Roles Despite minimal regulation on personal computers marketing, there are specific laws that have always affected market competition for Apple store. The copyright law for example limits the extent to which the company can borrow technology while it also allows other companies to use Apple’s technology to certain level (USITC, 1995). In 1989, Xerox charged Apple for the unlawful utilization its technology which the latter company used in making Mac software. In 1992, Apple accused HP and Microsoft for copyright infringement but the court ruled in favor of the accused. Opportunities and Issues facing Apple Store Like other companies, Apple increasingly faces issues appertaining to environmental pollution. Electronic wastes are regarded as major contributors to environmental degradation and any policy addressing such an issue affects Apple store operations (Suraj, n.d). Furthermore, as Apple continues to expand globally, the universal shortage of expertise and skilled labo r continues to affect its competitive edge. Nevertheless, Apple has the opportunity to exploit emerging markets such as Brazil and India besides utilizing cheap labor available in these economies. In conclusion, Apple store has grown to be a market leader in computer and electronic industry based on its humble background. Since Apple has immense market globally, it has outdone stiff competition in the industry but the company must consider government regulations and issues that might affect its future. Apple store needs to exploit marketing opportunities created by emerging economies to remain competitive. References Apple Inc., (2011). The new, faster MacBook Air. Web.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Apple Store Marketing Opportunities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Suraj, S.  E-waste and environmental degradation. Web. United States Securities Exchange Commission, (2009). Form 10-K: Apple Inc. Web. US Inte rnational Trade Commission, (1995). Global competitiveness of the US computer software and service industries. Web. This essay on Apple Store Marketing Opportunities was written and submitted by user Brenda English to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Soviet Downfall essays

Soviet Downfall essays This essay concentrates on two representatives of the dissident movement in the Soviet Union in the 1960s and in the 1970sAndrei Sakharov and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. The essay introduces the history of the dissident movement in the Russian Empire under the Tsars and in the Soviet Union under various leaders, mainly under Nikita Khruschev, Leonid Brezhnev and Michael Gorbachev. It presents the historical conflict of Slavophils and Westernizers that began in the time of Peter the Great and discusses its impact on Russian thinkers over the years. The essay proposes that Solzhenitsyn and Sakharov are representatives of two branches of Russian philosophy, modified with time: Slavophilism and Westernism. Solzhenitsyn is presented to be a person with Slavophilic tendencies, while Sakharov is presented to be an advocate of the Western model of development for Russia. The essay discusses their paths to dissidence and their opposition to the Soviet regime. It also provides a comparison of their views and ideas. The essay attempts to follow the chronological order of their lives. In the end it provides a brief overview of their recent actions, based on their ideas, drawn from Slavophilism and Westernism. After the Berlin Wall fell in 1989 the world changed dramatically. The Cold War ended and the threat of communism ended in Europe. Such Eastern European countries as Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Czechoslovakia (now the Czech Republic and Slovakia) and others stopped being Soviet satellites. "East and West Germany, meanwhile, were moving rapidly toward unification."[1] But this was not the end. In November 1991 the Soviet Union, "the evil empire" that had kept the democratic and non-democratic world in fear and strain for almost seventy years disappeared. It left fifteen independent republics, with Russia being the largest one. Russia, out of all the former Soviet bloc states and the former Soviet Union, was the fir...

Use of E-Books among University Statistics Students in Libya Thesis Proposal - 1

Use of E-Books among University Statistics Students in Libya - Thesis Proposal Example   It was projected that there would be a higher rate of approval by now though that is not what actually is being witnessed. For instance, a study conducted by Roesnita and Zainab (2005) in Malaysia among university going student revealed that only about 39% of them had utilized e-books before the commencing of the study. This was against the general notion that is existing and presumes that university students are higher in literacy levels and in technology use and thus would be better placed in utilizing the e-library or any material would-be within the internet environment. In yet another study by Oliveira about 12.1% of the Andrews university (respondents) were found to have used or to use e-text books compared to the larger percentage that were found not to utilize the e-library (Oliveira, 2012). In fact, among those found to have ever used the service had been compelled by the requirement of the physics teacher that they had to use the service. This further constricted the nu mber of those who voluntary used the service to merely 4%of the total sample that was used for the study. The shocking findings of the research study by Woody, Daniel and Baker (2010) were that there has not been any notable change in preference of the textbooks to the e-books even within the evolution in IT within the century. Nicholas and Lewis who carried out a survey in 2008 regarding the attitudes of the people within the millennium towards the use of e-reading material as compared to the print materials postulated another supportive argument to this finding (2008). The study found out that many people in the current generation would prefer to use ‘old’ print materials as compared to the new and more simplistic method of learning through the online materials.

Purchasing and SC Management in practice Assignment

Purchasing and SC Management in practice - Assignment Example In actual practice, supply chain management ensures integration of supply as well as demand management both within and across businesses (Monczka and Trent, 2009, pg. 57). The major goal of the process is aimed at collaboration as opposed to competition in all parts involved in supply chain management but eventually leads to the creation of a competitive advantage. Through collaboration, personal and mutual satisfaction results from cost cuts as well as increased profitability. The retail businesses continuously realize the need to rely on effective supply chains or networks to ensure effective competition in the current global market comprised of the networked economy. In most scenarios, retail businesses engage in inter-organizational supply processes forming a network that is like a new form of organization. However, interactions tend to present complicated scenarios making it difficult for businesses to present the best structure that fully fits any particular market. The paper, therefore, presents a critical examination of purchasing and supply chain management practices in the retail sector while also illustrating with specific examples how the practices contribute towards creating competitive advantage in the retail market. While the issue of supply chain management (SCM) is mentioned, majority of individuals tend to relate the benefits related to the process to manufacturing and other big companies. However, with the concept of globalization and competitive markets arising in the recent past, SCM has also proved essential and to some extent beneficial in retail business, though at times attributed to side effects. In the retail business perspective, the focus is different from other market players in that it focuses on more specific factors like the retail business itself as opposed to a broader category (Weele, 2010, pg. 87). In the retailing

Language and global climate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Language and global climate - Essay Example The essay seeks to answer the question whether and how language can influence global climate change. Ideally, this essay details how language can affect global climate change in the modern society. By showing how a shift in our language use can influence global climate change, the essay will confirm that language plays a significant role in addressing global climate change. Language is one of the controversial aspects that address affect global climate change. Indeed, language forms an important part of our culture and perceptions about specific natural factors. As such, an effective change in how we use our language would have a direct impact on our views about global climate change. Notably, a shift in language use towards a more animistic sensibility would enhance our awareness of and connection to nature. This would have a direct effect on global climate since increased awareness would encourage us to value the global climate and adopt mechanisms that would control global climate change. Moreover, the awareness and connection to nature would help us to understand various aspects that may foster global climate change and hence derives fundamental knowledge on how to prevent global climate change. As such, global societies can influence global climate change by shifting their language to sensibility that is more animistic. Moreover, it is evident that by writing our language down, we can encourage the society to think about various aspects like global climate (Snyder 95-97). It is through talking and reading that the society gets an opportunity to think about various societal aspects like global climate. For example, writing articles about global climate change using a clear, understandable, and effective language motivates the audience to read and think about the subject, which derives subtle knowledge on the effects and measures of curbing global climate change. However, it is true that different

Nature And Scope Of Reverse Logistic Information Technology Essay

Nature And Scope Of Reverse Logistic Information Technology Essay This paper explains what reverse logistics is. It looks at different viewpoints of reverse logistics. The paper starts off with a brief background of logistics describing how and when this term came about. Logistics has been a part of the society since the Greeks and the Romans. It was in the Second World War that logistics developed greatly. Logistics has come to be a kind of relief for many organizations that formerly looked upon it as a burden. Companies nowadays are hiring people with the requisite knowledge to deliver sustainable enhancements in the field of supply chain management. Reverse logistics includes processing returned merchandise due to damage, seasonal inventory, restock, salvage, recalls, and excess inventory. Reverse Logistics offers several advantages to the company in terms of both tangible and intangible benefits. In the first instance, companies are able to retrieve defective equipments and parts which are either salvaged or refurbished and thus reclaims value out of the defective parts. Secondly, the packaging and defective materials are collected and recycled thereby generating scrap value back for the company. Thirdly unsold and obsolete equipments are collected back from point of sale which encourages the distributors and stockiest to confidently buy stocks from the company knowing that he can always return unused inventory and not stand to lose in the bargain. All items must be identified, assigned to a customer or account, assigned a disposition and then physically sorted for processing. Finally, credits are generally issued at a later ti me and often for only some part of a return, including discarded or un-saleable goods. This process is difficult to automate with a generic ERP package and very challenging with a simple paper process. Specialized returns systems, whether part of a Warehouse Management System (WMS) or stand-alone, can support effective automation with appropriate setup. As reverse logistics evolves within your company, you will want to start developing or improving the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) used to measure and monitor the performance of your Returns Management and Reverse Logistics. We obtain a number of managerial guidelines for using marketing and operational strategy variables to influence the reaction parameters so as to obtain the maximum benefit from the market for each problem. We here also disprove that return policy is all about cost. We found that return policy is a powerful tool to increase firms profit. By capturing the reasons for returns, you can better monitor quality and vendor performance, and learn more about your customers purchase and return behavior. In addition, by returning goods to your supply chain quickly, you can minimize the cost of obsolete goods, and meet customer demand elsewhere. Table of Contents Background: The birth of Logistics can be traced back to ancient war times of Greek and Roman empires when military officers titled as Logistikas were assigned the duties of providing services related to supply and distribution of resources. This was done to enable the soldiers to move from their base position to a new forward position efficiently, which could be a crucial factor in determining the outcome of wars. This also involved inflicting damage to the supply locations of the enemy and safeguarding ones own supply locations. Thus, this lead to the development of a system which can be related to the current day system of logistics management. During the Second World War (1939-1945), logistics evolved greatly. The army logistics of United States and counterparts proved to be more than the German army could handle. The supply locations of German armed forces were inflicted with serious damages and Germany was not able to wreak the same havoc on its enemy. The United States military ensured that the services and supplies were provided at the right time and at the right place. It also tried to provide these services when and wherever required, in the most optimal and economical manner. The best available options to do the task were developed. This also gave birth to several military logistics techniques which are still in use, albeit in a more advanced form. Logistics has now evolved itself as an art and science. However, it cannot be termed as an exact science. Logistics does not follow a defined set of tables nor is it based on skills inherited from birth. A logistics manager performs his duties and responsibilities based on his educational experiences, skills, past experiences and intuition. These skills are nourished by a constant application of the same by him for the betterment of his organization. The logistics manager ensures that the company is benefited by an effective and efficient system of logistical management. He also needs to ensure that the right kind of products and services are provided at the right time and for a right price, whether inside the organizations premises or delivery of shipments outside the premises of the organization. Logistics has come to be a kind of relief for many organizations that formerly looked upon it as a burden. Companies nowadays are hiring people with the requisite knowledge to deliver sustainable enhancements in the field of supply chain management. As has been the case throughout most of logistics history, the task of a logistics manager involves a clear vision and a drive within to deliver results under strict deadlines in addition to his usual responsibilities. Reverse logistics stands for all operations related to the reuse of products and materials. It is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient, cost effective flow of raw materials, in-process inventory, finished goods and related information from the point of consumption to the point of origin for the purpose of recapturing value or proper disposal. More precisely, reverse logistics is the process of moving goods from their typical final destination for the purpose of capturing value, or proper disposal. Remanufacturing and refurbishing activities also may be included in the definition of reverse logistics.[1] The reverse logistics process includes the management and the sale of surplus as well as returned equipment and machines from the hardware leasing business. Normally, logistics deal with events that bring the product towards the customer. In the case of reverse, the resource goes at least one step back in the supply chain. For instance, goods move from the customer to the distributor or to the manufacturer. Introduction: As we all know that Logistics is part of supply chain management process.   Whereas the Logistics deals with forward movement of goods within any supply chain, reverse logistics manages the reverse movement of goods, in other words returns management within supply chain function.   Ã‚  Reverse flow is as important as forward movement in any supply chain.   By examining a consumer supply chain process flows, one can conclude that reverse flows are  very critical and important function within supply chain to recover the product cost comprehensively and at the same time helps in safe disposal of waste. Purpose and aims of reverse logistic Reverse logistics includes processing returned merchandise due to damage, seasonal inventory, restock, salvage, recalls, and excess inventory.   It also includes recycling programs, hazardous material programs, obsolete equipment disposition, and asset recovery. For a practitioner, the disposition choice is determined by the most profitable alternative: Reconditioning when a product is cleaned and repaired to return it to a like new state; Refurbishing similar to reconditioning, except with perhaps more work involved in repairing the product; Remanufacturing similar to refurbishing, but requiring more extensive work; often requires completely disassembling the product; Resell when a returned product may be sold again as new; Recycle when a product is reduced to its basic elements, which are reused also referred to as asset recovery. Nature and Scope of reverse logistic Reverse logistics has been adapted in a big way by automotive aftermarket spare parts field as well as electronics and computer hardware markets. Retail and book publishing too have implemented reverse logistics schemes but the volumes that are returned are relatively lesser than the other fields. Reverse Logistics offers several advantages to the company in terms of both tangible and intangible benefits. In the first instance, companies are able to retrieve defective equipments and parts which are either salvaged or refurbished and thus reclaims value out of the defective parts. Secondly, the packaging and defective materials are collected and recycled thereby generating scrap value back for the company. Thirdly unsold and obsolete equipments are collected back from point of sale which encourages the distributors and stockiest to confidently buy stocks from the company knowing that he can always return unused inventory and not stand to lose in the bargain. Distributors are more likely to be open to stocking all fast moving as well as slow moving stocks. In the eyes of the customer and society, the organization stands to gain a good standing and reputation of being a responsible company which takes care of the e waste and hazardous waste generated and thus stands out for its corporate governance policies. Reverse logistics has been successfully adapted as marketing strategy. Refurbished computers are sold at cheaper prices by all leading brands and the demand for such laptops seems to be growing. The spare parts used by the computer manufacturers to service the laptops and computers on warranty or on sale, include refurbished parts. Many electronic and consumer durable manufacturing companies offer buy back or exchange offer for the old equipments in lieu of the customer purchasing a brand new product. In consumer electronics and white goods, the exchange offers are a big hit during discount sale seasons. Principles of reverse logistic administration and practice Returns are fundamentally complex because of how they impact physical inventory, electronic inventory and accounting systems.   All items must be identified, assigned to a customer or account, assigned a disposition and then physically sorted for processing.   Since some of the product might be discarded or kept back for vendor chargebacks, not all merchandise enters electronic inventory; some merchandise must be repacked and accounted for manually versus electronically.   Finally, credits are generally issued at a later time and often for only some part of a return, including discarded or un-saleable goods.   This process is difficult to automate with a generic ERP package and very challenging with a simple paper process. Specialized returns systems, whether part of a Warehouse Management System (WMS) or stand-alone, can support effective automation with appropriate setup. The software must: Separate the physical process from the accounting process and allow for gaps between physical and accounting realities. For example, out of a returned pallet only part of the pallet may be added to inventory and a different part of it may be credited to the customer.   Separate responsibility over physical inventory from responsibility over customer credits. A warehouse employee should not be concerned with how and when a customer will receive credit. Credit processors use an electronic transaction log of returns dock activity to release customer credits. Distinguish between return reasons and physical disposition. The former describes why customer returned it.   The latter describes physical state of the merchandise. Credit clerks must understand return reasons. Warehouseman must understand the dispositions. Try to control the returns process through Returns Authorizations.   With Return Authorizations, the pre-approved returns can be received quickly thereby simplifying the returns identification and speeding overall processing.   To enable radio frequency (RF) equipment automation and verification, these expected returns should be entered into the system prior to arrival. Stage saleable merchandise by a put away zone. Most of the returned merchandise is generally in saleable condition and will be returned to the storage area. To streamline the subsequent put away process, saleable products should be staged on pallets by destination zone. Track un-saleable merchandise with a bar-coded label. Any merchandise that is not saleable and cannot be discarded is usually stored according to vendor guidelines. While some vendors simply require an inventory report to issue credits, others will send a sales representative to inspect the goods or to ship to the vendor. A complete audit trail consisting of return reason, date of initial shipment, date of return, customer name, etc. will assure legitimacy of the claim and improve supplier relationships Key elements of the reverse logistics process As reverse logistics evolves within your company, you will want to start developing or improving the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) used to measure and monitor the performance of your Returns Management and Reverse Logistics. To help develop KPIs, Tony Sciarrotta shared some of his insights and important KPIs he uses as the Director of Returns Management at Philips Consumer Electronics, North America. Tony brings a great deal of experience and industry expertise to the Reverse Logistics requirements for Philips, its supply chain partners and its returns processing partners. Gate keeping, Product Data and Asset Recovery are three of the key areas I monitor closely, says Sciarrotta as he outlined some of the KPIs he uses to help manage each of these areas. Gate Keeping Philips works closely with its Retail partners to monitor and manage returns. To do this, Philips shares and reviews regular reports with the retailers to outline the data related to recent product returns. These reports help everyone work together in order to reduce returns and become critical in the arrangements that Philips negotiates with its retail partners. Philips also monitors statistics about the condition of the returning goods upon arrival. Flat Panel TVs can be very expensive if they are not handled properly in the return process. Working with Retail partners to avoid damage is of major importance. Discrepancies are also an area monitored closely to ensure that all returning units have been authorized. Recently, Philips has been experiencing very few discrepancies. Product Data Philips outsources its Reverse Logistics processing and repair. The Philips team works closely with its Reverse Logistics partners to monitor No Trouble Found, Repair with Parts, Repair without Parts and the Scrap levels. This important data is forwarded to manufacturing and to the product design groups. Consumer electronics products are becoming more and more complex. If a product is experiencing a high No Trouble Found rate, the data is sent to manufacturing to seek product or user experience improvements to reduce the return rate Asset Recovery We always try to achieve the highest asset recovery rate possible says Sciarrotta. To monitor this, Philips tracks the Asset Recovery rate. Also tracked are returned goods that are sold as is and the returned goods that are sold with a warranty. In addition, Philips tracks the performance of the refurbished products to ensure quality standards are maintained. Improve Your KPIs Gate keep to ensure only authorized returns are handled. . Obtain good product data to find out why goods are being returned. Get the highest Asset Recovery rate possible. These are the three key areas and some of the related Reverse Logistics Key Performance Indicators that Tony Sciarrotta uses at Philips to help organize, monitor and manage product returns. Use his insights to get started with improvements to your KPIs. Pros Cons of Reverse Logistic: Advantages Disadvantages Buyer is happy when he/she receives money back Buyer Authorization required Pack everything up again. Insure it wait up to 2 billing cycles for a credit. Law, Policy and reverse logistic Reverse Logistics and the management of returned or used merchandise is a growing problem among manufacturers today. In this study we will be presenting the nature and magnitude of the reverse logistics problem in the industry and a literature survey of the previous research in this area. Reverse Logistics deals with the processes associated with the reverse stream from users/owners to re-users. This paper provides content analysis of scientific literature on reverse logistics. Reverse logistic Policy and Legislation In direct sales supply chain, the customers buy direct from the manufacturer sacrificing the benefit of physical inspection of the product. This increases the likelihood that customers will have some dissatisfaction with the product and would like to return it. A clearly explained and generous return policy, then, will be welcome by the customers and therefore will enhance sales. However, this reversed flow merchandise has always been a problem for all parties in the supply chain due to the disruption in operations and headache in processing returned merchandises. We are interested to examine the roles of return policy in reverse logistics from various angles. First, we survey the existing literature on the area of reverse logistics. We offer a new literature classification that will close the researchs gap in the area. We then look into specific problems of return policy namely the relationship between price and return policy, the effect of products quality on the return policy, and the effect of uncertainty in the returned merchandise to the return policy. We obtain a number of managerial guidelines for using marketing and operational strategy variables to influence the reaction parameters so as to obtain the maximum benefit from the market for each problem. We here also disprove that return policy is all about cost. We show that return policy is a powerful tool to increase firms profit. Principles for a Functional reverse logistic system. Reverse Logistics Management automates returns across multiple channels to ensure you know whats coming back, from whom and why. The system is based on a rules engine that can automate the application of return rules. It also houses vendor return policies and automates the return-to-vendor credit process. Reverse Logistics Management can manage returns both coming and going-from the consumer and to the vendor. By capturing the reasons for returns, you can better monitor quality and vendor performance, and learn more about your customers purchase and return behavior. In addition, by returning goods to your supply chain quickly, you can minimize the cost of obsolete goods, and meet customer demand elsewhere. Reverse Logistics Management transforms the returns process by: Automating every step: Online or at returns centers, easily differentiate between tiers of customers based on their purchasing patterns. Generate authorizations based on pre-established internal or vendor rules, and apply credits quickly to keep your customers happy. Centralizing return programs: Streamline returns and staff training by running manufacturer and extended warranty programs all in one automated process. Consolidating shipments to vendors: Reduce costs and maximize credits by accurately and consistently applying return-to-vendor policies. Increasing visibility: Reduce inventory holding costs and improve net asset recovery by integrating with Warehouse Management, so products can be reshelf quickly or routed for liquidation. What happens to products returned? Most industries today have liberal returns policies that can quickly tax distribution networks when large quantities of items go through the reverse logistics process.   Often the distributing warehouse bears the brunt of these costs and efforts associated with returns. Thankfully, this area is also where a properly organized process, supported by latest hardware and software technologies, can produce a competitive advantage, attract new suppliers and control the returns process.   In this article we will review common problems that plague returns operations in the warehouse and suggest remedies drawn from best practices. Common Problems The returns area of a warehouse is commonly full of a mix of open cartons from many different SKUs that need to be identified and sorted according to disposition.   Through this sorting process, credits must also be issued and return-to-vendor tracking created.   The combination of process complexity and low priority of reverse logistics typically means little attention is given to improving the returns process. As a result, warehouse managers tend to treat it as a necessary evil.    Problems affecting returns processing in the warehouse include: The work area is too small or poorly laid out; The process is paper intensive in order to describe and track reasons for returned product; Lack of real time tracking of incoming merchandise does not permit quick put away or cross docking; Poor process integration into the warehouse does not allow returned merchandise to be immediately allocated and shipped. Orders are often shipped short, while saleable inventory is present on the returns dock; Lack of tracking and accountability for un-saleable merchandise that is used to bill back the vendor. The problems in the customer service department include: Slow, error prone data entry and credit processing based on a multitude of papers delivered from the returns dock; No link between data collection and credit processing, allowing over-credit given to the customer; It is difficult to segregate problems by customer, salesperson, truck driver or warehouseman to eliminate misconduct.

Death to the Old or Death to the Young? Essay -- Science Cloning DNA P

Death to the Old or Death to the Young? Since Dolly the cloned sheep was born on February 24, 1997, stem cell research in the United States has been a widely debated topic, especially after President Bush’s August 9, 2001 speech, allowing federal funding for limited stem cell research. Stem cells, obtained from an embryo, are cells that have not developed to the stage in which they are specified. Thus, a stem cell can develop into any type of cell in the adult human body. In the process of obtaining stem cells from week-old embryos, the embryos are destroyed. Many scientists believe that stem cell research holds the key to finding cures for diseases such as diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. The issue is complicated by the fact that there are several different ways to obtain stem cells for research purposes and there are several pros and cons for each of these methods. There are four ways of obtaining stem cells, which are taken from week-old embryos, including: using unwanted embryos from fertility clinics, embryos from aborted fetuses, cloned embryos, and/or embryos created for research purposes. Stem cells can also be taken out of adult bone marrow, but scientists do not think that adult stem cells hold as much medical potential. Conservatives are against federal funding for stem cell research because they feel through this funding the government would be contributing to â€Å"murder.† This idea is rooted in religious beliefs, which include the belief that life begins at conception, therefore an embryo is a human being. However, liberals support federal funding for research using embryos because they question whether embryos are full human beings and bel ieve the research could expedite potential... ... Online. Infotrac Expanded Academic. 3. Kinsley, Michael. â€Å"Michael Kinsley: Reason, Faith, and Stem Cells the Government’s New Research; Rules are an Attempt to Reconcile the Irreconcilable.† Editorial. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. September 1, 2000: 3. Online. Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe. 4. Novak, Michael. â€Å"An Embryonic Religious Conservative.† The National Review. 16 July 2001. http://www.nationalreview.com/contributors/novakprint071601.html 5. Pollitt, Katha. â€Å"Baby It’s Cold Inside!† The Nation. August 20,2001: 4. Online. Infotrac Expanded Academic. 6. â€Å"Stem-cell Research: Drawing the Line.† Editorial. The Lancet. July, 21,2001: 3. Online. Infotrac Expanded Academic. 7. Weigel, George. â€Å"Stem Cells and the Logic of the Nazis.† Editorial. Los Angeles Times. September 3, 2000. Online. Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe.

Unemployment Satire

Unemployment rates are skyrocketing. According to the Internet, 12% of the U. S. population is unemployed. Unemployment not only effects the lives of the unemployed, but their families and communities too. The stress of unemployment can lead to declines in individual and family well-being and could potentially effect the outcomes of their children. Widespread unemployment in neighborhoods reduces resources, which may result in inadequate and low-quality housing, and underfunded schools. The question Americans everywhere are wondering: Whose to blame for all this long term employment?The people or the government? The fault is not that of the government, it is that of the people. The blame for long term employment should fall on the shoulders of those suffering from Lazy Syndrome. However, people suffering from Lazy Syndrome cannot help their chronic laziness and unwillingness to get a job. Many are unaware they even suffer from this disease until it is too late. The major symptoms of this disease are: not wanting to leave the couch, feeling inclined to put off work, and wishing to stay home and do nothing.Because of these symptoms, acquiring a job seems like too much effort and is often put off. Many high-paying jobs will refuse to hire them if they suffer from this disease. One study shows that people suffering from Lazy Syndrome have a whopping 50% chance of being unemployed. Even if they can acquire a job, studies show that men and women with this disease earn 15-20% less than those who are not infected. Seymour Butts, a professor of justice at the University of Colorado, is starting a law firm called LazyCase to protest against lazy discrimination.The Discrimination Act of 1966 provides legal protections for gender equality, race equality, pregnant women equality, and so much more! With a short extension of this act, people suffering from chronic laziness could make a living despite their disease limitations. Mr. Butts and his extremely intelligent colleague Wee Tard have already made legal protections in counties in Alaska, Alabama, and Arkansas. One customer, Ben Dover, happily stated â€Å"Going to LazyCase was the best decision of my life.LazyCase helped me get a high paying government job where I can continue to do nothing but still get payed! †. I will now humbly propose my own thoughts on the solution to unemployment as well as the solution to the discrimination against those suffering from Lazy Syndrome. I suggest that every unemployed person gets evaluated at the local doctor’s office in order to determine whether or not they are suffering from Lazy Syndrome. If that is the case (which it most likely will be), I suggest you confide in LazyCase.For first, stopping discrimination against the lazy not only benefits the lives of those suffering from chronic laziness, but it benefits the entire system of America. LazyCase provides the most radical and effective solution to unemployment. Because a significant amount of people with the lazy disability are unemployed, if given more rights and protections for getting jobs, unemployment rates would drop 70% according to prediction expert Harry Azzol. Secondly, LazyCase would improve the lives of the unemployed.Individuals who do not face unemployment report better mental health and more life satisfaction than those who experience unemployment and are under a lot of financial stress. Therefore, the world would be filled with much happier people, making it a much better place. Thirdly, LazyCase is extremely affordable (which is necessary because the unemployed are not loaded with cash). For the all time low price of five payments of 99. 89 dollars, Seymour Butts and his employees will personally take a stand at court and get their customer the money (and job) they deserve.The question everyone is wondering: How? Well, Seymour Butts and Wee Tard have come up with an evolutionary scheme to win at court. New tactics such as being extremely beautiful or us ing large words to validate your story have produced great results. These tactics are guaranteed to work EVERY TIME, 60 percent of the time! Lastly, LazyCase would solve the problems the unemployed cause for communities. Inadequate and low-quality housing and underfunded schools would no longer be an issue because the unemployed would now have a job to finance these funds.Studies show that unemployed persons also report less neighborhood belonging than their employed counterparts, which would reduce neighborhood safety and community well-being. With the lazy being provided with jobs, they will likely be too distracted to disrupt the community. LazyCase is a nonprofit organization with the sole purpose of helping the people. None of the employees at LazyCase suffer from Lazy Syndrome so these protections aren’t benefitting the company, they are benefitting your fellow Americans. Unemployment Satire Unemployment rates are skyrocketing. According to the Internet, 12% of the U. S. population is unemployed. Unemployment not only effects the lives of the unemployed, but their families and communities too. The stress of unemployment can lead to declines in individual and family well-being and could potentially effect the outcomes of their children. Widespread unemployment in neighborhoods reduces resources, which may result in inadequate and low-quality housing, and underfunded schools. The question Americans everywhere are wondering: Whose to blame for all this long term employment?The people or the government? The fault is not that of the government, it is that of the people. The blame for long term employment should fall on the shoulders of those suffering from Lazy Syndrome. However, people suffering from Lazy Syndrome cannot help their chronic laziness and unwillingness to get a job. Many are unaware they even suffer from this disease until it is too late. The major symptoms of this disease are: not wanting to leave the couch, feeling inclined to put off work, and wishing to stay home and do nothing.Because of these symptoms, acquiring a job seems like too much effort and is often put off. Many high-paying jobs will refuse to hire them if they suffer from this disease. One study shows that people suffering from Lazy Syndrome have a whopping 50% chance of being unemployed. Even if they can acquire a job, studies show that men and women with this disease earn 15-20% less than those who are not infected. Seymour Butts, a professor of justice at the University of Colorado, is starting a law firm called LazyCase to protest against lazy discrimination.The Discrimination Act of 1966 provides legal protections for gender equality, race equality, pregnant women equality, and so much more! With a short extension of this act, people suffering from chronic laziness could make a living despite their disease limitations. Mr. Butts and his extremely intelligent colleague Wee Tard have already made legal protections in counties in Alaska, Alabama, and Arkansas. One customer, Ben Dover, happily stated â€Å"Going to LazyCase was the best decision of my life.LazyCase helped me get a high paying government job where I can continue to do nothing but still get payed! †. I will now humbly propose my own thoughts on the solution to unemployment as well as the solution to the discrimination against those suffering from Lazy Syndrome. I suggest that every unemployed person gets evaluated at the local doctor’s office in order to determine whether or not they are suffering from Lazy Syndrome. If that is the case (which it most likely will be), I suggest you confide in LazyCase.For first, stopping discrimination against the lazy not only benefits the lives of those suffering from chronic laziness, but it benefits the entire system of America. LazyCase provides the most radical and effective solution to unemployment. Because a significant amount of people with the lazy disability are unemployed, if given more rights and protections for getting jobs, unemployment rates would drop 70% according to prediction expert Harry Azzol. Secondly, LazyCase would improve the lives of the unemployed.Individuals who do not face unemployment report better mental health and more life satisfaction than those who experience unemployment and are under a lot of financial stress. Therefore, the world would be filled with much happier people, making it a much better place. Thirdly, LazyCase is extremely affordable (which is necessary because the unemployed are not loaded with cash). For the all time low price of five payments of 99. 89 dollars, Seymour Butts and his employees will personally take a stand at court and get their customer the money (and job) they deserve.The question everyone is wondering: How? Well, Seymour Butts and Wee Tard have come up with an evolutionary scheme to win at court. New tactics such as being extremely beautiful or us ing large words to validate your story have produced great results. These tactics are guaranteed to work EVERY TIME, 60 percent of the time! Lastly, LazyCase would solve the problems the unemployed cause for communities. Inadequate and low-quality housing and underfunded schools would no longer be an issue because the unemployed would now have a job to finance these funds.Studies show that unemployed persons also report less neighborhood belonging than their employed counterparts, which would reduce neighborhood safety and community well-being. With the lazy being provided with jobs, they will likely be too distracted to disrupt the community. LazyCase is a nonprofit organization with the sole purpose of helping the people. None of the employees at LazyCase suffer from Lazy Syndrome so these protections aren’t benefitting the company, they are benefitting your fellow Americans.